Frequently Asked Question:
Form Field DateTime Numeric
How to detect if a form field is Date field, time field or numeric field
There is nothing defines specifically within the PDF specification to identify the field type of a Form Field.
Dates, Times, Numerics types are implemented purely in Javascript code so the only way to determine the format is to parse the Javascript attached to an Action of the Form Field in question.
http://www.quickpdflibrary.com/help/quickpdf/GetFormFieldJavaScript.php
If you use the standard form field types in Acrobat then you should be able to just perform a simple string match against a known set of Javascript strings.
You will need to try different ActionType parameters to find which one returns the correct string for you.